which of the following is a critical function of cultures

French and English are still the central languages of convergence and integration for immigrant communities who speak other languages—only 1.8 percent of the population were unable to conduct a conversation in either English or French in 2011—but increasingly Canada is linguistically diverse rather than bilingual. He suspected that odd behaviours would shatter conventional expectations, but he was not sure how. Though “society” and “culture” are often used interchangeably, they have different meanings. Over time, the “little hipsters” of the 1970s became known simply as “hippies.”. Sociologist William F. Ogburn coined the term culture lag to refer to this time that elapses between when a new item of material culture is introduced and when it becomes an accepted part of nonmaterial culture (Ogburn 1957). Seymour Martin Lipset used these contrasts of values to explain why the two societies, which have common roots as British colonies, developed such different political institutions and cultures (Lipset 1990). Culture exists in the minds or habits of the members of society. To clarify, a culture represents the beliefs, practices and artifacts of a group, while society represents the social structures and organization of the people who share those beliefs and practices. Attitudes, values and goals are defined by the culture. Inventions result when something new is formed from existing objects or concepts—when things are put together in an entirely new manner. What Is Culture? In the United States, for instance, murder is considered immoral, and it is punishable by law (a formal norm). Consider the value the culture North Americans place upon youth. Sociological analysis can be applied to every expression of culture, from sporting events to holidays, from education to transportation, from fashion to etiquette. Do you think chaos would ensue or relative peace could be kept? Music has the ability to evoke emotional responses. The science-fiction novel, Babel-17, by Samuel R. Delaney was based upon the principles of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. By the end of Caitlin’s trip, she’d made new lifelong friends. Social Structure. But ideal culture differs from real culture, the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists. Perhaps the Chicago traveller was initially captivated with Montana’s quiet beauty and the Chinese student was originally excited to see an American-style classroom firsthand. Biker culture revolves around a dedication to motorcycles. OED Online. Do you agree or disagree with it? Consider some of the specific issues or concerns of your generation. In reality, these travellers are guilty of cultural imperialism—the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture. But increasingly a lot of product information is available in  in multiple languages. In 1989, crowds tore down the Berlin Wall, a decades-old symbol of the division between East and West Germany, communism, and capitalism. What Is Culture? While globalization refers to the integration of markets, diffusion relates a similar process to the integration of international cultures. When a person in Canada calls to get information about banking, insurance, or computer services, the person taking that call may be working in India or Indonesia. “Culture is the sum total of integrated learned behaviour patterns which are characteristics of the members of a society and which are therefore not the result of biological inheritance.”. What has happened to the concept of bilingualism over the last 40 years? When hipsters said, “It’s cool, man,” they meant not that everything was good, but that it was the way it was. 1971 [1904]. Music, fashion, technology, and values—all are products of culture. Retrieved February 10, 2012 (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/us/04garfinkel.html?_r=2). But the chair is more than trees and the jet airplane is more than iron ore and so forth. And it was nothing like that of her classmate Sanai. For instance, Sutherland and Wood word say, “If culture exists only where there is communication then the content of culture can be ideas or symbol patterns. Social Movements and Social Change, 3.3. For example, laughing at the wrong places. A business manager who drives away customers will likely be fired. Culture consists of the intellectual, artistic and social ideals and institutions which the members of the society profess and to which they strive to confirm. Children represent innocence and purity, while a youthful adult appearance signifies sexuality. These cultural norms play an important role. B | 17. An American visiting Italy might long for a “real” pizza or complain about the unsafe driving habits of Italians compared to people in the United States. In everyday conversation, people rarely distinguish between the terms “culture” and “society,” but the terms have slightly different meanings, and the distinction is important to a sociologist. A society without rules or norms to define right and wrong behaviour would be very much like a heavily travelled street without traffic signs or any understood rules for meeting and passing vehicles. Caitlin was half asleep by the time supper was served—at 10 pm! Mores (mor-ays) are norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group. The relationship between society, culture and personality is stressed by Ralph Linton: “A society is organised group of individuals. 1990. However, technology enabled a workaround: texting, which enables quiet communication, and has surpassed phoning as the chief way to meet today’s highly valued ability to stay in touch anywhere, everywhere. He acquires the ability to swim, to feel hatred toward someone, or to sympathize with someone. Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change 8. They examine the extensive, detailed physicality of fast food: the food itself, wrappers, bags, trays, those tiny ketchup packets, the tables and chairs, and even the restaurant building. Values are not static; they vary across time and between groups as people evaluate, debate, and change collective societal beliefs. Breaking norms and rejecting values can lead to cultural sanctions such as earning a negative label—lazy, no-good bum—or to legal sanctions such as traffic tickets, fines, or imprisonment. This problem has been solved! Chapter 4. In a breaching experiment, the researcher purposely breaks a social norm or behaves in a socially awkward manner. Sociologist Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011) studied people’s customs in order to find out how tacit and often unconscious societal rules and norms not only influenced behaviour but enabled the social order to exist (Weber 2011). Even the destruction of symbols is symbolic. It is sum-total of the ideal patterns and norms of behaviour of a group. Man’s behaviour results in creating objects. In other words, the way in which people view marriage depends largely on what they have been taught. The anthropologist Ruth Benedict (1887–1948) argued that each culture has an internally consistent pattern of thought and action, which alone could be the basis for judging the merits and morality of the culture’s practices. Cite examples or research to support your point of view. European colonizers often viewed the people in the lands they colonized as uncultured savages who were in need of European governance, dress, religion, and other cultural practices. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. We cannot understand the behaviour of any group without knowing something of the myths, legends, and supernatural beliefs they hold. a. An interactionist is primarily interested in culture as experienced in the daily interactions between individuals and the symbols that make up a culture. Essentially, the hypothesis argues, if a person cannot describe the experience, the person is not having the experience. Values portray an ideal culture, the standards society would like to embrace and live up to. Retrieved May 2, 2011 (http://www.iupui.edu/~anthkb/ethnocen.htm). 12. Our experience of cultural difference is influenced by our ethnocentrism and androcentrism. Countercultures reject mainstream values and create their own cultural rules and norms. Do you refer to a can of carbonated liquid as a “soda,” “pop,” or “soft drink”? Westcott, Kathryn. It was not until 1947 and 1948 that Canadians of Japanese, Chinese, and South Asian origins were permitted to vote. If the function is twice-differentiable, the second derivative test could also help determine the nature of a critical point. After two weeks in Spain, Caitlin had developed a bit more compassion and understanding for what those people had gone through. C | 11. “This says $14.99, but I’ll give you $10 for it.” Often the clerks were shocked or flustered. Explain. How have the issues of your generation expressed themselves culturally? This is an example of: 5. The internet and modern technology have opened up new marketplaces that allow us to promote our businesses to new geographic locations and cultures. The concept of sustainable development did not enter into the public imagination until environmental movement of the 1960s and the Limits to Growth report of the Club of Rome in 1972. This breach reveals the unspoken convention in North America that amount given on the price tag is the price. Introduction to Sociology – 1st Canadian Edition, http://www.iupui.edu/~anthkb/ethnocen.htm, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96-326-x/96-326-x2001001-eng.pdf, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2003/entries/relativism/supplement2.html, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/us/04garfinkel.html?_r=2, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7292252.stm, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/books/review/Greif-t.html?pagewanted=1, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2010/entries/globalization/, http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=his&document=index&lang=e, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruth_Benedict.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Public_domain#Material_in_the_public_domain, http://www.flickr.com/photos/13907834@N00/4414065031, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_nurses_voting_1917.jpg, Next: Chapter 4. C | 4. 3. Typically in North America, it is not. Hybrid cultures refer to new forms of culture that arise from cross-cultural exchange, especially in the aftermath of the colonial era. There could be no societies if people did not share heritage and language, and civilization would cease to function if people did not agree to similar values and systems of social control. For example, many veterans of the Armed Forces, after completing tours of duty in the Middle East, are returning to college rather than entering jobs as veterans as previous generations did. Nations would not exist if people did not coexist culturally. A Society is always made of persons and their groupings. In those cases, the bystanders are pressured to respond, and their discomfort illustrates how much we depend on social norms. From a young age, people are taught about the consequences of the population's past mistakes and the deadly side of nationalism that fuelled the Third Reich. “Cultural Lag as Theory.” Sociology & Social Research 41(3):167–174. These material and nonmaterial aspects of culture can vary subtly from region to region. The point is that, as a general rule, behaviours are somewhat integrated or organized with related behaviours of other persons. The culture maps out the path to matrimony. People who violate mores are seen as shameful. It’s rare to see two male friends or coworkers holding hands in Canada where that behaviour often symbolizes romantic feelings. Some languages contain a system of symbols used for written communication, while others rely only on spoken communication and nonverbal actions. Used unconventionally, symbols convey strong messages. Glencoe: Free Press. 19. In the United States, it’s most likely filled with coffee, not Earl Grey tea, a favourite in England, or Yak Butter tea, a staple in Tibet. It is natural that a young woman from rural Kenya would have a very different view of the world from an elderly man in Mumbai—one of the most populated cities in the world. In Northern Europe, it is fine for people to go into a sauna or hot tub naked. This can be viewed as an example of: 15. There are degrees of visibility of cultural behaviour, ranging from the regularised activities of persons to their internal reasons for so doing. In his New York Times article, “The Hipster in the Mirror” (2010), Greif wrote, “All hipsters play at being the inventors or first adopters of novelties: pride comes from knowing, and deciding, what’s cool in advance of the rest of the world.” And what tends to be cool is an ironic pastiche of borrowed styles or tastes that signify other identities or histories. Greif, Mark. Caitlin’s shock was minor compared to that of her friends Dayar and Mahlika, a Turkish couple living in married student housing on campus. As the hipster example illustrates, culture is always evolving. He defined culture as ” that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. It refers to the sum of human beings’ life ways, their behaviour, beliefs, feelings, thought; it connotes everything that is acquired by them as social beings. Often, a comparison of one culture to another will reveal obvious differences. 11. Food plays a critical function in human existence. Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society: 3.3. “Cultural Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural Environments.” Practical Anthropology 7:177–182. Other behaviour is less visible. It may seem obvious that there are a multitude of cultural differences between societies in the world. The next highest were Ontario at 4.6 percent and Manitoba at 4 percent. beliefs tenets or convictions that people hold to be true, countercultures groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns, cultural imperialism the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture, cultural relativism the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture, cultural universals patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies, culture shared beliefs, values, and practices, culture lag the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it, culture shock an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life, diffusion the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another, discoveries things and ideas found from what already exists, ethnocentrism to evaluate another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture, folkways norms that direct appropriate behaviour in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture, globalization the integration of international trade and finance markets, high culture the cultural patterns of a society’s elite, ideal culture consists of the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to, informal norms casual behaviours that are generally and widely conformed to, innovations new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time, inventions a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms, language a symbolic system of communication, material culture the objects or belongings of a group of people, mores the moral views and principles of a group, nonmaterial culture the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society, norms the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured, popular culture mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population, real culture the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis the idea that people understand the world based on their form of language, sanctions a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviours, social control a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms, society people who live in a definable community and who share a culture, subcultures groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society, symbols gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture, values a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society. Cluster of patterns which are both related to general culture of the society and yet distinguishable from it are called subcultures. You can learn and understand a specific culture by sampling their food. The customs, traditions, attitudes, values, norms, ideas and symbols govern human behaviour pattern. But many objects have both material and nonmaterial symbolic value. No better evidence of this freedom exists than the amount of cultural diversity within our own society and around the world. Talcott Parsons referred to the function of culture as “latent pattern maintenance” meaning that the cultural practices that reproduce and circulate symbolic meanings and codes serve the function of maintaining social patterns of behaviour and facilitating orderly pattern change. Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change Bronislaw Malinowski (1925) described the way that the Trobriand Islanders of New Guinea used magic at each stage of preparation in fishing. But those figures are more than just symbols that tell men and women which bathrooms to use. Someone from a country where dogs are considered dirty and unhygienic might find it off-putting to see a dog in a French restaurant. A culture’s objects and ideas can cause not just generational but cultural gaps. Some behaviour is obvious. Some travellers, like celebrated food writer Anthony Bourdain, pride themselves on their willingness to try unfamiliar foods, while others return home expressing gratitude for their native culture’s fare. The strongest mores are legally protected with laws or other formal norms. The symbols and language of a society are key to developing and conveying culture. As in all ideology, there is a kernel of truth in liberalism. Each person’s behaviour often depends upon some particular behaviour of someone else.
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