battle of zama

Publius Cornelius Scipio entered Africa after reclaiming the Iberian Peninsula for the glory of Rome, even as Hannibal sat at the gates of the glorious city. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He retreated to his estate in Liternum and was so disgusted by Rome's ingratitude that he left instructions in his will that he be buried there instead of in a place of honor within the city. Scipio also arranged his lines but, instead of a continuous, unbroken line across the field, set the soldiers in columns. Books The Battle of Zama - Scipio's Attackby Mohammad Adil (CC BY-SA). The Battle of Zama - Troop Deploymentby Mohammad Adil (CC BY-SA). Zama was a battle in Carthage around 19 October 202 BC. Rome was completely demoralized and could find no general to step up and take command of what was left of the Roman army as every general now seemed to feel that facing Hannibal in battle was a suicide mission. Prior to Cannae, Roman warfare relied largely on strength of numbers and sheer might of force in taking a city or driving an enemy from the field. The Romans soundly defeated the Carthaginians, which brought an end to the Second Punic War (Wikipedia contributors). Hannibal's force was greater in numbers than Scipio's, and he had eighty war elephants. In addition to utilizing 80 war elephants that were not fully trained, Hannibal was also compelled to rely mostly upon an army of Carthaginian recruits that lacked much battle experience. Polybius states that Hannibal, after first camping at Zama, moved to another camp just before the battle; and Livy says that Scipio's camp, near which the battle took place, was at Naraggara, present-day Sakiet Sidi Youssef on the border between Tunisia and Algeria. The battle took place at Zama Regia, near Siliana130 km south-west of the capital Tunis. Scipio earned the honorific title “Africanus” for his great victory. Battle of Cannae - Destruction of the Roman Army, by The Department of History, United States Military Academy (Public Domain). Scholar Ernle Bradford describes how the field of battle was chosen: Hannibal marched west in the direction of a town called Zama, which is probably to be identified with a later Roman colony Zama Regia (Jama) ninety miles west of Hadrumetum. Conclusively ending the Second Punic War with a decisive Roman victory, the Battle of Zama must be considered one of the most important battles in ancient history. Hannibal returned to Africa with his 12,000-man veteran army and soon gathered a total of 37,000 troops with which to defend the approaches to Carthage. As the mercenaries were being crushed between the advancing Roman forces and the Libyans, they began to attack the Libyans to break through and escape. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Zama-Roman-Carthaginian-history, Learn about the history of Hannibal and his ultimate defeat at the battle of Zama. Nero then returned to trying to trap and destroy Hannibal – which he had been unable to do definitively thus far – while Scipio finished up his work in Spain. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. By the year 203 Carthage was in great danger of attack from the forces of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio, who had invaded Africa and had won an important battle barely 20 miles (32 km) west of Carthage itself. Tłumaczenie i wymowa Battle of Zama Hannibal seemed unstoppable until Scipio took command of the Roman forces after Cannae, defeated Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca (l. c. 244-207 BCE) in Spain, driving him into Italy, and then drawing Hannibal back to North Africa by threatening the city of Carthage. It can only have been this driving necessity which that made Hannibal march after Scipio, for on the surface it seems more logical for him to have taken his army in the direction of Carthage and interposed himself between Scipio and the city. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. Last modified March 26, 2020. Both entered the battle undefeated — only one emerged so. Although initially hailed as Rome's savior, Scipio was later vilified by his countrymen who forgot what they owed him. On Saturday, October 10th, we'll be doing some maintenance on Quizlet to keep things running smoothly. When Hamilcar died in 228 BCE, command of the army went to Hasdrubal the Fair who favored diplomatic measures with Rome over military conflict. The battle in question is the Battle of Zama and the war that finished because of the outcome of this battle is the Second Punic War. Mark, J. J. Hamilcar's clever tactics at sea & his crews' experience led to a series of decisive victories early in the war. Hannibal then lived the rest of his life as a fugitive, finally taking his own life rather than ever surrender to the Romans. New Carthage was thought to be impregnable owing to its fortifications and the natural defense of a lagoon protecting one whole side of the city. Scipio’s cavalry then charged the opposing Carthaginian cavalry on the wings; the latter fled and were pursued by Masinissa’s forces. Hannibal's forces were all but surrounded; 20,000 were killed and many more severely wounded. The Carthaginians were focused on the center, moved to engage, and were crushed by the wings which struck from either side. Once his allies had arrived, Scipio had about the same number of troops as Hannibal (around 40,000 men), but his 6,100 cavalrymen, led by the Numidian ruler Masinissa and the Roman general Gaius Laelius, were superior to the Carthaginian cavalry in both training and quantity. That Hannibal was fighting from a position of weakness does not in any way diminish Scipio’s victory for Rome, however. The Battle of Zama . The Battle of Zama - Elephant Chargeby Mohammad Adil (CC BY-SA). Scipio recognized that if he struck at Carthage itself Hannibal would be recalled from Italy to defend it and so withdrew from Spain and invaded North Africa in 205 BCE. Hannibal was first to march and reach the plains of Zama Regia, which were suitable for cavalry maneuvering. 11 Feb 2021. Hannibal arrived too late to prevent Masinissa from joining up with Scipio, leaving Scipio in a position to choose the battle site. After Scipios brilliant reforms to Roman military strategy and tactics, the Romans would go on to conquer the known world. This confrontation between the Romans and Carthaginians marked the end of the Second Punic War, which had been occurring for… As the two armies approached each other, the Carthaginians unloosed their 80 elephants into the ranks of the Roman infantry, but the great beasts were soon dispersed and their threat neutralized. Scipio Africanus won. The battle took place at a site identified by the Roman historian Livy as Naraggara (now Sāqiyat Sīdī Yūsuf, Tunisia). After a siege, he took the city of Utica, allied himself with the Numidian King Masinissa, and marched on Carthage. It was the last battle in the Second Punic War.. Other websites. Hannibal's elephant charge had failed. Before he could join his army with Hannibal's, however, he was defeated by Gaius Claudius Nero (l. c. 237 - c. 199 BCE) at the Battle of the Metaurus where he was killed. Scipio volunteered, though he was only 24 years old at the time and considered too young and inexperienced to stand a chance against Hannibal. The battle did not in fact take place in the vicinity of Zama. Battle of Zama, (202 bce), victory of the Romans led by Scipio Africanus the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. Hannibal made the first move, sending his elephants charging toward Scipio's forces. It was because of Zama that Scipio got to add the label Africanus to his name. After Scipio's brilliant reforms to Roman military strategy and tactics, the Romans would go on to conquer the known world. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The Battle of Zama is the fifth scenario of the Rise of Rome campaign in Age of Empires: Definitive Edition, replacing Zama. Hannibal left his brother Hasdrubal in charge of the troops in Spain and marched his army over the Alps into Italy to bring the fight to the Romans. That caused the elephants to run unimpeded through the lines with little, if any, engagement. The Battle of Zama took place between the Romans, accompanied by the Numidian cavalry, and the Carthaginians with Scipio as the commander of the Roman forces and Hannibal as the leader of the Carthaginian troops. Cite This Work Hasdrubal retreated with what was left of his army and followed Hannibal's course over the Alps and into Italy. Not surprisingly the Battle Day, and Zama, got a lot of coverage in the Slingshot, the society journal, over the next few months. The Battle of Zama by Cornelis Cort, 1567Soon after Scipio's victory at Zama, the war ended with the Carthaginian senate suing for peace. Hannibal lost. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. The main cause, then, for the battle taking place where it did arouse out of a matter of supplies to the capital. Przewodnik po wymowie: naucz się jak wymawiać Battle of Zama w angielski w natywnej wymowie. Hamilcar's clever tactics and his crews' experience in Carthaginian naval warfare led to a series of decisive victories early in the war. Battle of Zama (202 BC) The Battle of Zama in 202 BC would decide once and for all the fates of the world’s two greatest powers, Rome and Carthage. The Battle of Zama was the deciding engagement of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) between Carthage and Rome and was fought in late October 202 BC. Mark, Joshua J. The name Zama was given to the site (which modern historians have never precisely identified) by the Roman historian Cornelius Nepos about 150 years after the battle. The Greek historian Polybius states that Hannibal had done all that he could as a general in battle, especially considering the advantage held by his opponent. Ancient History Encyclopedia. The Battle of Zama (202 BCE) was a great victory of Scipio Africanus over Hannibal, which determined the defeat of Carthage in the Second Punic War. The Roman infantry legions then advanced and attacked Hannibal’s infantry, which consisted of three consecutive lines of defense. Hamilcar defeated Rome at Drepana in 249 BCE but, receiving less and less support from his home government, steadily lost engagements while Rome grew stronger until, in 241 BCE, Carthage was forced to sue for peace and had to pay a large war indemnity to the victors. https://www.ancient.eu/article/292/. Submitted by Joshua J. Both armies numbered about 40,000 when they met on the field. However, by that time the legionnaires had become nearly exhausted—and they had yet to close with the third line, which consisted of Hannibal’s veterans from his Italian campaign (i.e., his best troops). He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. The battle of Zama, fought across North Africa around 202 BC, was the final large-scale clash of arms between the world's two greatest western powers of the time--Carthage and Rome. Scipio may have been curious to meet Hannibal, but he refused the proposed terms, stating that Carthage had broken the truce and would have to face the consequences. Rome again imposed a heavy war indemnity which was paid owing to Hannibal's skill and dedication to his new position, but the Carthaginians blamed him for losing the war and denounced him to Rome, claiming he was attempting to make Carthage powerful enough to challenge the Romans in a new war. The lagoon was used as a salt marsh for harvesting salt from the sea and Scipio realized all he had to do was distract the city's defenders long enough to lower the lagoon's level enough to allow for a crossing of his infantry. The last and decisive battle of the Second Punic War, it effectively ended both Hannibal’s command of Carthaginian forces and also Carthage ’s chances to significantly oppose Rome. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). There were elephants as well as ground infantry. The indemnity Rome set as payment from Carthage was 10,000 silver talents, more than three times the size of the indemnity demanded at the conclusion of the First Punic War. Choose from 27 different sets of battle of zama flashcards on Quizlet. Corrections? The Battle of Zama, fought around October 19, 202 BC, marked the end of the Second Punic War.A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (Scipio), with crucial support from Numidian leader Masinissa, defeated a Carthaginian force led by the commander Hannibal, despite Hannibal possessing numerical superiority.This was because many in his army were recent conscripts, and the … The Battle of Zama—fought in 202 BC near Zama, marked the end of the Second Punic War. Directing his second-in-command, Gaius Laelius, to mount a naval attack, and sending his infantry against the gates of the city, Scipio seized on this advantage of the lagoon. Opis Description Battle of Zama, 202 BC Author/Source The Department of History, United States Military Academy Permission In the public domain as original works of the United States federal government and/or military Ta ilustracja ma także wersję wektorową („SVG”). License. The Battle of Zama was a decisive battle of the Second Punic War (also known as the Hannibalic War, or the War Against Hannibal), which was fought between Rome and Carthage. I’ve used those accounts to explore some key questions about how to refight the battle… Afterwards, Hamilcar went to the Carthaginian-held regions of Spain – ostensibly to take control of the silver mines there to pay Carthage's debt to Rome – and began reequipping the Carthaginian army to resume the war. Scipio ordered his men to hold their positions and then, at a given signal, the light infantry masking the front line moved into the columns and, at the same time, Scipio ordered his trumpets to blow and drums beat. Scipio would continue on with this same type of strategy in his other engagements with the Carthaginian forces. Mark, published on 26 March 2020 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. In doing so, the Roman cavalry swung to the left and right around the infantry forces on the field and the two cavalry forces fought behind the Carthaginian lines. The Romans, encouraged, drove on but the Carthaginians who seemed to be retreating were actually reforming to the left and right along the crescent. With your help we create free content that helps millions of people learn history all around the world. The Second Punic War had begun when Hannibal attacked the city of Saguntum, a Roman ally, in Spain and continued with a number of stunning victories by Hannibal in Northern Italy, most notably the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE. The Battle of Zama or simply Zama is the name of the final battle of the Punic War, the occasion of Hannibal's downfall, but many years before his death. Bibliography Mark, Joshua J. Third, the loud shouts and blaring trumpets of the Romans may have disconcerted the elephants, some of which swerved to the side early in the battle and instead attacked their own infantry, causing chaos on the front line of Hannibal’s recruits. The Battle of Zama (202 BCE) was the final engagement of the Second Punic War (218-202 BCE) at which Hannibal Barca of Carthage (l. 247-183 BCE) was defeated by Scipio Africanus of Rome (l. 236-183 BCE) ending the conflict in Rome's favor. Having anticipated this, Scipio calmly ordered his men to part ranks in order to create channels for the beasts to run through harmlessly. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. The Battle of Zama took place at Zama, near Carthage, in October of 202 BC. Patrick Hunt, Hannibal (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 2017), 78-81, 94-96, 115-118. The failure of the elephant charge can likely be explained by a trio of factors, with the first two being well documented and most important. His cavalry then attacked the Carthaginian horsemen while the lines of infantry advanced to meet with a bone-shuddering impact and exchange of javelins. Hannibal marched on the city, lay siege and took it, which the Romans claimed was an act of war. Quizlet will be unavailable from 4-5 PM PT. Although the Carthaginians had to publicly burn at least 100 ships, Scipio did not impose harsh terms on Hannibal himself, and Hannibal was soon elected as suffete (civil magistrate) by popular vote to help administer a defeated Carthage. He defeated every Roman force sent against him, culminating in the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE where he lured the Romans into a trap. Of his three battle lines, only his seasoned veterans from Italy (between 12,000 to 15,000 men) were accustomed to fighting Romans; they were positioned at the rear of his formation. But the latter's systematic destruction of towns and villages, and his present activities in the Carthaginian hinterland, clearly precluded the ability of the city to feed a further 40,000 or so men, together with their horses and elephants, as well as its own teeming masses. He led a column through the water at low tide – after the sluices had been utilized – breached the walls, and captured the city. In Italy, Hannibal had been forced to fight without elephants (most of whom had been lost in his crossing of the Alps), but now back in Africa he arranged his elephant corps at the front of his lines followed by a continuous line of mercenaries, then Libyan allies, and finally his Carthaginian veterans from the Italian campaigns. Thank you! We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The Carthaginian forces were led by Hamilcar Barca (l. 275-228 BCE) who used his fleet to strike without warning at Roman ports and outposts along Italy's coast, cutting supply lines, and then attacking with his army. The last and decisive battle of the Second Punic War, it effectively ended both Hannibal’s command of Carthaginian forces and also Carthage’s chances to significantly oppose Rome. The Battle of Zama - Start of the Battleby Mohammad Adil (CC BY-SA). Hannibal escaped from the battle and went to his estates in the east near Hadrumetum for some time before he returned to Carthage. They demanded Hannibal be turned over to them and, when the Carthaginian senate refused, war was declared. Before the battle, Hannibal and Scipio met personally, possibly because Hannibal, perceiving that battle conditions did not favour him, hoped to negotiate a generous settlement. To his left and right, he set his cavalry in the wings. That was a reversal of the situation in Italy, where Hannibal had held the advantage in cavalry and had typically chosen the ground. Scipio was awarded the surname Africanus in tribute of his victory. According to Polybius, Scipio set the… The army of Carthage was commanded by the infamous ancient commander Hannibal. Battle of Zama . Hannibal himself escaped back to Carthage where he told the senate that he lost not only the battle, but the war, and suggested they sue for peace. He had trained his men to move to the side when the elephants charged, locking their shields and facing the alleys as the elephants passed by. At the Battle of Cannae, Rome had relied on traditional tactics using superior numbers to crush an enemy and, from that defeat, Scipio understood that new arts of war were necessary. The Romans relied on the strength of the charge to break the center of an enemy's lines through sheer strength of numbers and so, in this battle, drove toward the center of Hannibal's lines which gave way before them. Believing, rightly that if he struck at Carthage itself Hannibal would be recalled from Italy to defend it, Scipio invaded North Africa in 205 BCE. After Scipio’s capture of Tunis, the Carthaginians sought peace terms, but Hannibal’s subsequent return to Africa led to their renewing the war in 202. The Battle of Zama - The Beginning of Roman Conquest. Hannibal defeated every Roman force sent against him, culminating in the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE where he lured the Romans into a trap. Publius Cornelius Scipio led the Roman army and extra Numidian cavalry against Hannibal and his Carthaginian troops. Hasdrubal the Fair was assassinated in 221 BCE, however, and command went to Hannibal, who had sworn eternal enmity with Rome. The Battle of Zama not only ended the Second Punic War, it also established the Roman army as the greatest fighting force since the armies of Alexander the Great. Second—and perhaps even more vital to the outcome—Scipio had arranged his forces in maniples (small, flexible infantry units) with broad alleys between them. Because Hannibal could not transport the majority of his horses from Italy, he was forced to slaughter them to keep them from falling into Roman hands. At this same time, the combined cavalry of Laelius and Masinissa returned to fall on the Carthaginian forces in the rear. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Scipio knew what he was doing, and had quite deliberately drawn Hannibal away from the city so as to decide the outcome of the war in an area selected by himself. Again considering what Hannibal might do in such a situation, Scipio noted the dried gulleys on either side of the plateau Hasdrubal had fortified and so sent a lightly armed force straight ahead across the river and up the slope while his main force divided and drove toward the two gulleys. The two generals met after the battle to discuss terms and Scipio pardoned Hannibal who then became chief magistrate of Carthage. Rome quickly taught itself how to fight at sea, however, and the Carthaginian government offered their general little support so the tide of the war shifted in favor of the Romans. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Carthage and Rome first came into conflict over the island of Sicily, which both controlled parts of, igniting the First Punic War (264-241 BCE). Playmobil diorama displaying the Battle of Zama, fought in 202 BC, consisting of more than 26,000 figures, is seen at the sports hall of Heyrieux,... Second Punic War. Zama, then, was the end of the Second Punic W… He died of natural causes the same year Hannibal committed suicide. The gaps in these columns were masked by light infantry toward the front, making it appear as though Scipio had formed his men in the same way as Hannibal had his. The Battle of Zama - Cavalry Chargeby Mohammad Adil (CC BY-SA). The exact location of this battle … The engagement ended the Second Punic War, waged from 218 until 201 BC. The Roman general dictated a peace treaty that was only slightly more severe than the one he had offered earlier. The Battle of Zama left Carthage helpless, and the city accepted Scipio’s peace terms whereby it ceded Spain to Rome, surrendered most of its warships, and began paying a 50-year indemnity to Rome. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. Zama, then, was not only the end of the Second Punic War but the beginning of effective campaigns of conquest which would eventually launch the Roman Empire. Updates? Profile of Hannibal, including a discussion of the Battle of Zama. Learn battle of zama with free interactive flashcards. This also gave an upper edge in turn to Scipio who relied heavily on his Roman heavy cavalry and Numidian ligh… Hannibal recognized he would probably be handed over to Rome and fled for Tyre, then to the court of Antiochus III (the Great, r. 223-187 BCE) of the Seleucid Empire, and finally to the court of King Prusias of Bithynia where, in order to finally escape the pursuit of Rome, he took his own life in 183 BCE. After a string of early Carthaginian victories in Italy, the Second Punic War settled into a stalemate with Hannibal's armies in Italy unable to deliver a deathblow again the Romans. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Prior to the Battle of Zama Out of the over 80,000 Romans troops on the field, 44,000 were killed and the rest scattered. Omissions? Carthage, at the beginning of the war, had the greatest fleet in the Mediterranean while the Romans were only used to land engagements. The Battle of Zama not only ended the Second Punic War but it also established the Roman army as the greatest fighting force since the armies of Alexander the Great. The Cherusci noble Arminius (c. 18 BCE - 19 CE) led the resistance... Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization... Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods But Verify, The Battle of Zama - The Beginning of Roman Conquest, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Scipio's infantry now advanced, mobilizing from the column formation to continuous lines, and pushed back the mercenary front lines of the Carthaginians. Knowing the Romans favored their traditional tactic of masking their heavy infantry behind the front line of their lighter infantry with cavalry support from the wings, Hannibal formed a crescent formation with his light infantry at the center and his heavy infantry in a crescent formation. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Scipio, for his part, marched up the Bagradas (Majardah) River toward Carthage, seeking a decisive battle with the Carthaginians. Scipio led his troops against the city of Carthago Nova (New Carthage) in Spain in 209 BCE. The Battle of Zama is remembered for Scipio's brilliant tactics, based on Hannibal's, which would afterwards become standard operating procedures for the Roman military and enable them to build their empire. Hannibal, who had been devastating Italy for the past twelve years, was recalled to defend the city. The Battle of Zama and the feats of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus paved they way for Roman domination of the Mediterranean for years to come. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/article/292/. Ancient History Encyclopedia. For the first time in decades, Hannibal was without a military command, and never again did he lead Carthaginians into battle. The elephants ran harmlessly through the alleys between the columns or, startled by the trumpet blasts and the loud shouts of the Romans, turned around to trample the Carthaginian forces. According to Livy, Hannibal told Scipio, “What I was years ago at Trasimene and Cannae, you are today.” Scipio is said to have replied with a message for Carthage: “Prepare to fight because evidently you have found peace intolerable.” The next day was set for battle. The Second Punic War was a battle between the Roman Republic and Carthage. The first two lines of Hannibal’s men, comprised largely of mercenaries and levies, were quickly defeated, w… The battle was won by the Romans, and brought an end to the war, which had been going on for 16 years. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. During the Second Punic War, the Roman … Scheduled maintenance: Saturday, October 10 from 4–5 PM PT. With the battle of Zama in 202 BC, fought in a plain about 100 miles southwest of Tunis, Rome had ended the Second Punic War with a decisive and definitive victory that sanctioned the end of Carthaginian power. Hannibal was placed in command of an army of many raw recruits and 80 untrained elephants. The Romans crushed the soldiers of the first line and then those of the second. Unlike the treaty that ended the First Punic War, the terms Carthage acceded to were so punishing that it was never able to challenge Rome for supremacy of the Mediterranean again. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In 218 BCE, the Romans initiated a coup in the city of Saguntum, which was south of the Ebro, and installed a government hostile to Carthage. Mago, who had sustained battle wounds during a losing engagement in Liguria (near Genoa), died at sea during the crossing. "The Battle of Zama - The Beginning of Roman Conquest." The Roman and Numidian cavalry then deployed and attacked the Carthaginian cavalry, driving them from the field. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. At Zama two of the greatest generals of all time had met in a great battle. The Battle of Zama, which took place in October of 202 B.C., was the last battle of the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage, and it’s one of the most significant and well-known conflicts of ancient history. In 208 BCE, Scipio met Hasdrubal Barca in battle at Baecula and recognized that, in order to attack, he would have to send his troops across a small river to then charge uphill against a fortified position.
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